Breathing distress? It’s not just foul air, could be pigeon droppings too

Gurgaon: Increasing number of

hypersensitivity pneumonitis

cases in the city, attributed to the growing urban population and the prevalence of pigeons in residential areas, has become a significant health concern.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immune response to certain allergens or chemicals, particularly impacting the lungs. It is often triggered by exposure to pigeon droppings.
The condition occurs when the body’s immune system overreacts to inhaled particles, such as those found in pigeon droppings, leading to lung inflammation. Repeated exposure can cause chronic lung damage and scarring.
According to doctors, there is a 30% rise in cases across the city. Its symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, chest tightness, and fatigue.

Experts point out that the practice of feeding pigeons has led to unnatural spikes in their population, increasing their proximity to humans and posing significant risks to pulmonary health.
Dr. Sushila Kataria, senior director, internal medicine, Medanta, Gurgaon, said, “Hypersensitivity pneumonia, as the name suggests, is caused by an exaggerated immune response to certain environmental exposures such as infections, bird proteins (especially from feathers or droppings), smoke, or air pollution. The condition can present acutely with symptoms like cough, fever, and severe breathlessness, or follow a chronic course with gradually worsening breathlessness, persistent dry cough, and fatigue.”
“Its diagnosis typically involves a high-resolution CT scan and supporting blood investigations. Early detection is critical, as timely treatment with corticosteroids and strict avoidance of the triggering allergen can prevent irreversible lung damage. In advanced cases, patients may become dependent on long-term oxygen therapy, and the condition can even shorten life expectancy,” she said.
“Unfortunately, hypersensitivity pneumonia is not a notifiable disease, so the exact case numbers are unavailable, but we do see a few patients every week with similar symptoms. Given the rising human-animal interaction, increasing population density, and worsening air pollution, awareness and early diagnosis are key. We also advise patients to follow up with respiratory exercises and stay up to date with pneumonia and flu vaccinations,” she added.
The 2023 State of India’s Birds report found that between 2000 and 2023, the pigeon population in India increased by more than 150%—the highest percentage increase among all bird populations that grew. Environmental experts are urging residents to take preventive measures to reduce their exposure to pigeon droppings. This includes avoiding feeding pigeons, keeping windows closed, and ensuring proper cleaning of areas where pigeons are known to roost.
“Avoiding feeding pigeons is essential not only for health reasons but also to protect our native bird species. Pigeons push other native birds out of urban areas, disrupting the local ecosystem. By not feeding pigeons, we can help maintain a healthier environment for both humans and wildlife,” said Pankaj Gupta, a bird expert. “Pigeons have become highly adaptive to concrete and buildings which offer them a safe hiding place,” he said.
Gupta also pointed out that pigeon feeding is keeping the population high and has led to them becoming the most common bird that can cause these diseases.
“This problem is going up particularly in urban areas with high rises,” he said, referring to the easy habitat that tall buildings offer to pigeons.
In Gurgaon and in other cities of NCR, it is common to see pigeons being fondly fed grains on traffic islands and footpaths. Despite the well-established risks of proximity to pigeons, people continue to feed them in public, he said.
“Food can be donated to others who are needy. There is no need to feed pigeons. They should be declared a pest,” he added.
Doctors emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term lung damage. They recommend that individuals experiencing respiratory symptoms seek medical attention promptly, especially if they were exposed to pigeon droppings or other potential allergens.
Dr Shiba Kalyan Biswal, clinical director- pulmonology, Marengo Asia Hospitals, Gurgaon, said, “In the city, the rise in cases is linked to urban overcrowding and increased exposure to pigeon droppings in residential areas. This immune-related lung condition primarily affects middle-aged to older adults. However, individuals with pre-existing respiratory issues or weakened immunity are also at higher risk. Early diagnosis and avoiding exposure to triggers are crucial to prevent long-term lung damage and chronic complications.”
Rajesh Kumar, a 45-year-old city resident who was diagnosed with the condition, said he was experiencing persistent respiratory issues for several months. Despite multiple visits to his local clinic, his condition has continued to worsen. He first noticed his symptoms after moving into a new apartment complex, which had a significant pigeon population, and residents often fed the birds, leading to an increase in pigeon droppings around the area. Rajesh’s apartment, located on the top floor, was particularly affected by the droppings on the balcony and window sills.
“In most cases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be treated by avoiding inhalation of the responsible antigen, especially soon after disease onset. Elimination of mould and use of personal protective equipment, like a mask, can reduce chances of being diagnosed with the condition. In more severe cases, doctors may choose to use a type of medication called a corticosteroid to help reduce inflammation,” said Dr Kuldeep Kumar Grover, consultant, pulmonology, CK Birla Hospital, Gurgaon.