Photographs byJoel Sartore
ByJoel Sartore
What is family to a seabird who soars alone over the open ocean, or to a primate who clings to its mother for years? Do animals have siblings, aunties, or cousins? Can they survive without any family at all?
Bearing and rearing young are central to the life cycle of nearly all creatures, whether done the way of the giant clam—by releasing half a billion eggs into the vast sea, full stop—or the koala, who provides long stretches of intense care. Parents of the animal kingdom are endlessly imaginative in how they feed, shelter, and teach their youngsters. There is no one way, they might counsel us, to raise a tadpole or an owlet.
Female gazelles, like this Soemmerring’s gazelle, roam the grasslands and scrublands of the Horn of Africa in herds of 15 to 20 other females. They typically give birth to one calf a year.
Females often assume the primary parenting duties, but there are exceptions. The male Darwin’s rhea, a large, flightless bird of South America, for instance, is a do-it-all dad. He builds a nest and incubates up to 30 eggs laid by different females, then raises the chicks to adulthood, teaching them survival skills and protecting them from predators.
More than half of the world’s crayfish species—like this marbled crayfish—live in North America. A female crayfish carrying eggs is sometimes called “in berry” because the eggs look like clusters of berries affixed to her abdomen.
Pygmy hippopotamus females give birth on land to a single calf and leave it parked in an out-of-the-way pool of water, returning periodically to nurse the baby. After three to five months, the young start moving around and following their mom.
At the other end of the caregiving spectrum are young Komodo dragons. They spend their first year of life in trees to avoid their massive landbound parents, who have a nasty inclination to eat their young.
A female endangered white-bellied tree pangolin and her pup (Phataginus tricuspis) at the Pangolin Conservation in St. Augustine, Florida. This juvenile is only 70 days old. She is the first of her species to be bred in captivity. Pangolins are one of the most trafficked animal species due to high demand for their scales.
Siblings, other relatives, and adults in the community are sometimes on the scene for companionship or care. They fill a need for babysitting or socialization and, like the pelagic cormorants who help arrange nest material for their future siblings, provide a hand (or beak). A collaborative behavior known as alloparenting allows some adult animals to leave their little ones in the care of other grown-ups while they set out to find food: Some penguin species form nursery systems for their chicks because both parents often go to sea together for a day or more to catch fish. But other families, like that of the solitary clouded leopard, make it work without any help at all.
Quail chicks can fly at four weeks, but they often stay with their parents until the next nesting season. Males develop distinctive adult plumage: blue breast, chestnut belly, blackand-white throat.
As langurs mature, their fur darkens. Within a year, the brilliant color of young langurs will have turned black—except for a distinctive strip of white along their cheeks.
Family can be loving and sweet. Our hearts flip at a flotilla of ducklings paddling furiously behind their mom, or orphaned orangutans in a tight embrace, holding fast to the only family they know.
Zebras, like these Chapman’s zebras, live in small family groups composed of a stallion, several mares, and their foals. If a hyena or wild dog approaches, the stallion may attack, while the rest of the family clusters together to protect their young.
Family ties are the key to survival—not just for the babies, but also for the species. With so much at stake, many adult animals muster their fiercest behavior to defend their young. When a wolf or bear draws near a muskox herd, the adult oxen turn head-on to show their sharp horns to the intruders. There on the Arctic tundra, they form a defensive circle around their babies, who huddle together inside the furry fortress, safe for another day.